索姆河战役

原名： The Battle of the Somme | 语言：英语

1916 纪录 | 战争 74分钟 6.5

剧情简介

The Battle of the Somme (1916) is one of the most successful British films ever made. It is estimated that more then 20 million tickets were sold in Great Britain in the first two months of release, and the film was distributed worldwide to prove Britain's commitment to the First World War. It is the source of many of the conflict's most iconic images. The Battle of the Somme gave its 1916 audience an unprecedented insight onto the realities of the trench warfare, controversially including the depiction of dead and wounded soldiers. It show scenes of the build-up to the infantry offensive, including massive preliminary bombardment, coverage of the first day of the battle - the bloodiest single day in the British Army's history - and depictions of the small gains and huge costs of the attack. As a pioneering battlefield documentary, the very concept of The Battle Of The Somme outraged commentators on its release, inaugurating a debate about the on-screen depiction of combat that continues to this day. Its use of a staged sequence to represent the opening of the assault also set the scene for continuing controversy about the 'truth' of the documentary format. The film's importance was recognised in 2005 by its formal inscriptions in the UNESCO 'Memory of the World' register - the first British document of any kind to be included. The film has been digitally restored, offering a startling improvement on previously released video versions. These words of welcome are by David Lloyd George, Secretary of State for War and where read at the film's first screening on 10 August 1916. This was barely a month after the events it showed. To its original audience the film was not history but a dispatch from the front. This film was shot between 26 June and 7 or 9 July 1916 at the Somme front by Geoffrey Malins (29th Division of VIII Corps) and J.B. McDowell (7th Division of XV Corps) and had it's première at the Scala Theatre in Clapham on 10 August. Geoffrey Malins filmed the offensive from positions near Beaumont Hamel in the northern parts of the battlefield, J.B. McDowell was based further south near Fricourt.

详细剧情

索姆河战役（英语：Battle of the Somme；法语：Bataille de la Somme），或称索姆河攻势，是第一次世界大战期间的关键战役，交战双方分别为大英帝国、法兰西共和国的协约国联军与德意志帝国。这场战役发生于1916年7月1日至11月18日，战场位于法国索姆河上游两岸，双方投入上百万人参战，是历史上最惨烈的战役之一。
1915年12月6日，法国总司令霞飞主持的协约国战争会议在尚蒂伊召开，其拟定协约国将在西线、东线、意大利线三个区域发动协同攻势，削弱并突破德奥两国的防御。12月底，霞飞决定法军与英军应该在索姆河南北进攻。法军原本为进攻主力，而英军第四军团在北翼支援。然而德军于1916年2月21日发动凡尔登战役，迫使法军将多数预定将投入索姆河攻势的部队调往凡尔登，英军从原先的辅助部队成为主力，并主要由绰号「基奇纳的新军」的两个英军军团组成。
7月1日，协约国军经数日砲击后向德国第二军团发动攻击。法国第六军团在索姆河南岸富科库尔至马里库尔一线大获全胜，其北翼的英国第四军团亦在阿尔贝-巴波姆公路至马里库尔一线取得进展，但更北岸戈姆库尔至阿尔贝-巴波姆公路一线的英军却遭受惨败。当日英军伤亡多达57,470人，其中19,240人阵亡，是英军历史上最惨烈一日。之后，英军在法军协助下，突入部分重要据点，但整体战线于接下来两月都无太大变动。
9月，英军将新发明的坦克投入攻势，但不久后战线再度陷入僵持。11月，英法联军停止攻势，在大部分战线深入德军佔领区10公里，为自1914年第一次马恩河战役以来最大的领土进展。然而，英法联军未能达成作战目标，德军坚守阵地阻止其攻佔佩罗讷与巴波姆。此战英军伤亡约42万人，法军伤亡约20万人，而德军伤亡约44万人，其中半数伤亡来自与法军的交战。

== 背景 ==

1915年12月6日，法国总司令霞飞主持的协约国战争会议在尚蒂伊召开，其拟定协约国将在西线、东线、意大利线三个区域发动协同攻势，削弱并突破德奥两国的防御。12月底，霞飞会唔英国远征军司令黑格，决定隔年西线战场的作战计划。双方对预定的作战区域有不同意见，霞飞认为法军与英军应该在索姆河南北进攻；而黑格认为英军应该在佛兰德进攻，法军在索姆河更南进攻。霞飞对此宣称若沿索姆河一线推进，英军终将其战线拓展至佛兰德，而黑格起初表示反对，但最终遵从法国战略。
1916年2月，德军与法军爆发凡尔登战役，迫使法军将多数预定将投入索姆河攻势的部队调往凡尔登，英军从原先的辅助部队成为主力。至5月31日，原定决胜的法英计划缩水为有限攻势，旨在减轻凡尔登法军压力，并消耗西线德军。至于德军军方，德国总参谋长埃里希·冯·法金汉意图在1916年击溃协约国，在其物力优势压垮德军前结束战争。其计划威胁现前线附近重要据点，诱使法军反攻德军阵地，摧毁协约国所存的大量预备队。他预计夺取凡尔登的默兹高地后，法军将被迫在德军控制…