Roderick Keener Clayton (March 29, 1922 – October 23, 2011), known as Rod Clayton, was an American biophysicist known for his work on bacterial photosynthesis and photosynthetic reaction centers. He studied phototaxis in Rhodospirillum rubrum and later helped establish the concept, isolation, and spectroscopic characterization of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1977.